Wolfgang Schwarz

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Counterfactual definiteness

A peculiar question that has divided philosophers since the Middle Ages (and possibly earlier) concerns the status of Conditional Excluded Middle. CEM says that for any propositions A and C, either C would be the case if A were the case, or ¬C would be the case if A were the case. Some accept CEM as valid, others reject it. In the last few decades, the CEM supporters have been gaining ground, especially in the field of semantics. See, for example, Williams 2010, Moss 2013, Mandelkern 2018, Shaffer and Beebe 2019, Cariani and Goldstein 2020, Marty, Romoli, and Santorio 2020, and Ramotowska et al. 2025.

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